Which of the following individuals cannot be held criminally responsible?

The understanding that a child under 14 years of age cannot be held criminally responsible is rooted in the principle of "doli incapax," which means that children of a certain age are not capable of forming the intent necessary to be criminally liable for their actions. This principle is based on the belief that young children do not have the cognitive ability to understand the nature of their actions and the consequences that accompany them.

Legal systems often set a minimum age of criminal responsibility, which varies by jurisdiction, but typically includes children under a certain age—commonly 10 to 14 years—who are presumed incapable of committing a crime with malice or intent. The rationale is that children do not possess the moral and intellectual development required to make reasoned judgments about their actions in the same way that adults do.

In contrast, adults who commit crimes knowingly, individuals who actively engage in criminal activity, and attorneys representing defendants all possess the requisite understanding and intent to be held responsible for their actions. This differentiation emphasizes the importance of mental capacity and understanding the nature of one’s actions when determining criminal responsibility.