Which of the following can lead to an arrest for refusal to disperse?

The option that indicates disturbing public peace during assembly as a reason for arrest for refusal to disperse is correct because it highlights the legal principle concerning public order. When individuals are engaged in an assembly, if their conduct disrupts the peace or creates a risk to safety, law enforcement has the authority to intervene. A refusal to disperse in such scenarios can be deemed a violation of local ordinances or state laws concerning public safety and order.

In contrast, peaceful demonstrations typically fall under the right to free speech and assembly, as long as they do not escalate to disorderly conduct. Eating in public is generally acceptable behavior, and while listening to music loudly can be considered inconsiderate, it does not usually rise to the level of disturbing public peace unless it is excessively disruptive. Hence, the key factor in the correct answer is the nature of the assembly and its impact on public peace, which can justify law enforcement intervention and potential arrest for refusal to comply with dispersal orders.