Which element does NOT contribute to forming probable cause?

Probable cause refers to the reasonable belief that a crime has been committed, based on factual circumstances. It is founded on specific and articulable facts rather than mere speculation or unfounded beliefs.

When considering the factors that contribute to establishing probable cause, prior conduct of the individual can create a basis for suspicion. If an individual has a history of criminal behavior, that information might inform an officer’s judgment about current actions or intentions. The time of day can also play a role, as certain activities may be more suspicious during nighttime hours compared to daytime. The presence of witnesses can provide corroborative details that lend credibility to an officer's observations and help establish a factual basis for the belief that a crime has occurred or will occur.

In contrast, unfounded rumors about an individual do not provide a reliable foundation for probable cause. Rumors typically lack verification and can be based on hearsay or misinformation, which does not meet the established legal standard of concrete facts. Therefore, while the other elements involve concrete observations or behaviors that law enforcement can rely on, unfounded rumors are inherently unreliable and do not contribute to a legitimate assessment of probable cause.