What is a search conducted with consent that is voluntary and obtained from a person with the authority to give that consent called?

A search that is conducted with voluntary consent from a person who has the authority to provide that consent is known as a consent search. In legal terms, this type of search is valid because it is based on the individual's explicit permission, indicating a waiver of the right to privacy in that context. It is critical that the consent is given freely and without coercion, ensuring that the person understands what they are consenting to. This makes consent searches a valuable tool in law enforcement, allowing officers to search without a warrant when they obtain proper permission from the subject.

The other options listed do not pertain to this context. A custodial arrest refers to the act of detaining an individual in police custody, which does not inherently involve consent. Circumstantial evidence relates to the indirect evidence that can support a conclusion in court, not a type of search. A custodial lineup is a procedure used to identify a suspect from a group, which also does not involve the concept of consent.